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MariÑo Sanchez, Oscar AndresAuthorFerrer EAuthorRubio GCorresponding AuthorNtoukas GAuthorLaskowski WAuthorMarino OaAuthorColombo SAuthorMateo-Gabín AAuthorMarbona HAuthorHuergo DAuthorManzanero JAuthorRueda-Ramírez AmAuthorValero EAuthor

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April 3, 2023
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Article

HORSES3D: A high-order discontinuous Galerkin solver for flow simulations and multi-physics applications

Publicated to:Computer Physics Communications. 287 108700- - 2023-06-01 287(), DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2023.108700

Authors: Ferrer, E; Rubio, G; Ntoukas, G; Laskowski, W; Mariño, OA; Colombo, S; Mateo-Gabín, A; Marbona, H; de Lara, FM; Huergo, D; Manzanero, J; Rueda-Ramírez, AM; Kopriva, DA; Valero, E

Affiliations

Airbus Def & Space, Madrid, Spain - Author
Airbus Defence and Space - Author
Florida State Univ, Dept Math, Tallahassee, FL USA - Author
Florida State University - Author
San Diego State Univ, Computat Sci Res Ctr, San Diego, CA USA - Author
Univ Cologne, Div Math, Cologne, Germany - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Ctr Computat Simulat, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Sch Aeronaut, ETSIAE, Madrid, Spain - Author
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Author
UNIVERSITÄT ZU KÖLN - Author
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Abstract

We present the latest developments of our High-Order Spectral Element Solver ([Formula presented]), an open source high-order discontinuous Galerkin framework, capable of solving a variety of flow applications, including compressible flows (with or without shocks), incompressible flows, various RANS and LES turbulence models, particle dynamics, multiphase flows, and aeroacoustics. We provide an overview of the high-order spatial discretisation (including energy/entropy stable schemes) and anisotropic p-adaptation capabilities. The solver is parallelised using MPI and OpenMP showing good scalability for up to 1000 processors. Temporal discretisations include explicit, implicit, multigrid, and dual time-stepping schemes with efficient preconditioners. Additionally, we facilitate meshing and simulating complex geometries through a mesh-free immersed boundary technique. We detail the available documentation and the test cases included in the GitHub repository. Program summary: Program Title: [Formula presented] CPC Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/738py2shk4.1 Developer's repository link: https://github.com/loganoz/horses3d. Licensing provisions: MIT Programming language: Fortran 2008 External routines/libraries: METIS, MPI, HDF5, MKL, PETSc (all are optional). Nature of problem: [Formula presented] is a high-order discontinuous Galerkin framework, capable of solving a variety of flow applications, including compressible flows (with or without shocks), incompressible flows, various RANS and LES turbulence models, particle dynamics, multiphase flows, and aeroacoustics. Solution method: high-order discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element (DGSEM) and explicit/implicit time-steppers. Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: [Formula presented] is a multiphysics environment where the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, the Cahn–Hilliard equation and entropy–stable variants are solved. Arbitrary high–order, p–anisotropic discretisations are used, including static and dynamic p–adaptation methods (feature-based and truncation error-based). Explicit and implicit time-steppers for steady and time-marching solutions are available, including efficient multigrid and preconditioners. Numerical and analytical Jacobian computations with a colouring algorithm have been implemented. Multiphase flows are solved using a diffuse interface model: Navier–Stokes/Cahn–Hilliard. Turbulent models implemented include RANS: Spalart-Allmaras and LES: Smagorinsky, Wale, Vreman; including wall models. Immersed boundary methods can be used, to avoid creating body fitted meshes. Acoustic propagation can be computed using Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings models. [Formula presented] supports curvilinear, hexahedral, conforming meshes in GMSH, HDF5 and SpecMesh/HOHQMesh format. A hybrid CPU-based parallelisation strategy (shared and distributed memory) with OpenMP and MPI is followed.

Keywords

adaptation strategiesaeroacousticsdiscontinuous galerkindispersionenergyerrorshigh-order methodimmersed boundary methodlarge-eddy simulationmultiphaserunge-kutta schemesspectral element discretizationtruncationturbulenceAeroacousticsDiscontinuous galerkinHigh-order methodImmersed boundary methodMultiphaseNavier-stokesNavier-stokes equations

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Computer Physics Communications due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position 1/60, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Physics, Mathematical. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations provided by WoS (ESI, Clarivate), it yields a value for the citation normalization relative to the expected citation rate of: 5.15. This indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Weighted Average of Normalized Impact by the Scopus agency: 4.44 (source consulted: FECYT Feb 2024)
  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 30.36 (source consulted: Dimensions Aug 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-08-02, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 30
  • Scopus: 32
  • Google Scholar: 68

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-08-02:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 34.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 33 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 36.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 47 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.
  • Assignment of a Handle/URN as an identifier within the deposit in the Institutional Repository: https://oa.upm.es/80988/

As a result of the publication of the work in the institutional repository, statistical usage data has been obtained that reflects its impact. In terms of dissemination, we can state that, as of

  • Views: 152
  • Downloads: 110

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Germany; United States of America.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (FERRER VACCAREZZA, ESTEBAN) and Last Author (VALERO SANCHEZ, EUSEBIO).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been RUBIO CALZADO, GONZALO.