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Analysis of institutional authors

Nobari, HadiAuthor

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November 11, 2025
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Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and lactate response during a football-specific intermittent field fitness test in women

Publicated to: EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT. 211 106414- - 2025-12-01 211(), DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106414

Authors:

Nobari, H; Mainer-Pardos, E; Lozano, D; Manning, JT; Parpa, K; Mason, L; Michaelides, M; Roso-Moliner, A
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Affiliations

Swansea Univ, Dept Sport & Exercise Sci Appl Sports Technol Exer, Swansea, Wales - Author
Univ Cent Lancashire Cyprus Campus, Sch Sci, Larnaka, Cyprus - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, Fac Phys Act & Sport Sci INEF, Dept Hlth & Human Performance, LFE Res Grp, Madrid, Spain - Author
Univ San Jorge, Hlth Sci Fac, Autovia A23 Km 299, Zaragoza 50830, Spain - Author
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Abstract

Background: Lactate, an important respiratory substrate, is generated during exercise. Digit ratio (2D:4D) is strongly associated with lactate in men over a range of exercise intensities, but in women the association has been reported as weaker and restricted to high running speeds. Here we report a replication of this finding in women employing the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15 IFT). Method: The participants were amateur female football players. Digit lengths, height, body composition and VO2max were measured. The 30-15 IFT involves 30-s shuttle runs between lines positioned 40 m apart. Audio signals determine the pace, starting at 10 km/h and increasing by 0.5 km/h to a maximum of 18 km/h. Results: Mean lactate levels (mmol/L) rose with running speed, ranging from 2.13 (+0.78) to 13.63 (+2.83). At running speeds 12 km/h to 16 km/h (n = 28 and 26 respectively) there were positive correlations between lactate and weight and BMI and negative associations with VO2max. At 18 km/h (n = 16) right 2D:4D was positively related and height negatively related to lactate. The former remained significant after the effect of height was removed. Conclusion: Our findings from the 30-15 IFT in the field are similar to those reported from a laboratory treadmill test. The digit ratio, especially right 2D:4D, is positively associated with lactate levels during running in women, independent of height. In contrast previous findings in men the association applies to high running speeds only.
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Keywords

2nd30 15 intermittent fitness testAdultAmateur athleteArticleBloodBody compositionBody heightBody massBody weightCross-sectional studyDigit ratioDiseaseExerciseExercise testFemaleFemale athletesFingerFinger lengthFingersFootballFootball playerHumanHumansIntermittent fitness testLactateLactate blood levelLactic acidLengthMaximal oxygen uptakeOxygen consumptionPhysical fitness assessmentPhysiologyPredictorRunnersRunningSecond-to-fourth digit ratioSoccerTestosteroneVelocityVo(2max)Vo2maxYoung adult

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2025, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health.

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Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2026-04-05:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 13 (PlumX).
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Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Cyprus; United Kingdom.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (NOBARI, HADI) .

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Project objectives

Los objetivos perseguidos en esta aportación se centran en profundizar en la relación entre la proporción digital (2D:4D) y la respuesta de lactato en mujeres durante el ejercicio físico específico. Se pretende analizar la asociación entre el índice 2D:4D y los niveles de lactato en futbolistas femeninas amateurs durante el test intermitente 30-15 IFT. Evaluar cómo varían los niveles de lactato en función de la velocidad de carrera y su correlación con variables antropométricas como peso, índice de masa corporal y altura. Determinar la influencia del VO2max en la respuesta de lactato a diferentes intensidades de ejercicio. Caracterizar la asociación independiente del índice 2D:4D derecho con el lactato a altas velocidades de carrera, comparando con hallazgos previos en hombres.
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Most relevant results

Los resultados más relevantes del estudio evidencian que los niveles medios de lactato (mmol/L) aumentaron con la velocidad de carrera, desde 2.13 (±0.78) hasta 13.63 (±2.83). Entre 12 km/h y 16 km/h, se observaron correlaciones positivas entre lactato, peso y BMI, y asociaciones negativas con VO2max. A 18 km/h, el índice 2D:4D derecho mostró una relación positiva significativa con lactato, mientras que la altura se relacionó negativamente; la asociación del 2D:4D derecho con lactato permaneció significativa tras controlar por altura. Estos hallazgos replican resultados previos y confirman que el 2D:4D derecho está positivamente asociado con niveles de lactato en mujeres durante el ejercicio a alta intensidad.
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