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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

Publicated to:Elife. 10 e60060- - 2021-03-09 10(), DOI: 10.7554/eLife.60060

Authors: Iurilli, Maria L C; Zhou, Bin; Bennett, James E; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M; Sophiea, Marisa K; Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea; Bixby, Honor; Solomon, Bethlehem D; Taddei, Cristina; Danaei, Goodarz; Di Cesare, Mariachiara; Riley, Leanne M; Savin, Stefan; Cowan, Melanie J; Bovet, Pascal; Damasceno, Albertino; Chirita-Emandi, Adela; Hayes, Alison J; Ikeda, Nayu; Jackson, Rod T; Khang, Young-Ho; Laxmaiah, Avula; Liu, Jing; Miranda, J Jaime; Saidi, Olfa; Sebert, Sylvain; Soric, Maroje; Starc, Gregor; Gregg, Edward W; Abarca-Gomez, Leandra; Abdeen, Ziad A; Abdrakhmanova, Shynar; Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul; Rahim, Hanan F Abdul; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M; Garba, Jamila Abubakar; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin; Adams, Robert J; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Afsana, Kaosar; Afzal, Shoaib; Agdeppa, Imelda A; Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A; Agyemang, Charles; Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan; Ahmad, Noor Ani; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Naser; Ahmed, Soheir H; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira; Ajlouni, Kamel; Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M; Al-Lahou, Badreya; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa; Alarouj, Monira; AlBuhairan, Fadia; AlDhukair, Shahla; Ali, Mohamed M; Alkandari, Abdullah; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Allin, Kristine; Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar; Aly, Eman; Amarapurkar, Deepak N; Amiri, Parisa; Amougou, Norbert; Amouyel, Philippe; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund A; Angquist, Lars; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Araujo, Joana; Ariansen, Inger; Aris, Tahir; Arku, Raphael E; Arlappa, Nimmathota; Aryal, Krishna K; Aspelund, Thor; Assah, Felix K; Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F; Aung, May Soe; Auvinen, Juha; Avdicova, Maria; Avi, Shina; Azevedo, Ana; Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen; Azizi, Fereidoun; Azmin, Mehrdad; Babu, Bontha, V; Jorgensen, Maja Boksgaard; Baharudin, Azli; Bahijri, Suhad; Baker, Jennifer L; Balakrishna, Nagalla; Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed; Banach, Maciej; Bandosz, Piotr; Banegas, Jose R; Baran, Joanna; Barbagallo, Carlo M; Barcelo, Alberto; Barkat, Amina; Barros, Aluisio Jd; Gomes Barros, Mauro Virgilio; Basit, Abdul; Bastos, Joao Luiz D; Bata, Iqbal; Batieha, Anwar M; Batista, Rosangela L; Battakova, Zhamilya; Batyrbek, Assembekov; Baur, Louise A; Beaglehole, Robert; Bel-Serrat, Silvia; Belavendra, Antonisamy; Ben Romdhane, Habiba; Benedics, Judith; Benet, Mikhail; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Berkinbayev, Salim; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio; Bernotiene, Gailute; Bettiol, Heloisa; Bezerra, Jorge; Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor; Bharadwaj, Sumit; Bhargava, Santosh K; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Bi, Hongsheng; Bi, Yufang; Bia, Daniel; Lele, Elysee Claude Bika; Bikbov, Mukharram M; Bista, Bihungum; Bjelica, Dusko J; Bjerregaard, Peter; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius B; Bjorkelund, Cecilia; Bloch, Katia, V; Blokstra, Anneke; Bo, Simona; Bobak, Martin; Boddy, Lynne M; Boehm, Bernhard O; Boeing, Heiner; Boggia, Jose G; Bogova, Elena; Boissonnet, Carlos P; Bojesen, Stig E; Bonaccio, Marialaura; Bongard, Vanina; Bonilla-Vargas, Alice; Bopp, Matthias; Borghs, Herman; Braeckevelt, Lien; Braeckman, Lutgart; Bragt, Marjolijn C E; Brajkovich, Imperia; Branca, Francesco; Breckenkamp, Juergen; Breda, Joao; Brenner, Hermann; Brewster, Lizzy M; Brian, Garry R; Brinduse, Lacramioara; Brophy, Sinead; Bruno, Graziella; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas; Bugge, Anna; Buoncristiano, Marta; Burazeri, Genc; Burns, Con; Cabrera de Leon, Antonio; Cacciottolo, Joseph; Cai, Hui; Cama, Tilema; Cameron, Christine; Camolas, Jose; Can, Gunay; Candido, Ana Paula C; Canete, Felicia; Capanzana, Mario, V; Capkova, Nadezda; Capuano, Eduardo; Capuano, Vincenzo; Cardol, Marloes; Cardoso, Viviane C; Carlsson, Axel C; Carmuega, Esteban; Carvalho, Joana; Casajus, Jose A; Casanueva, Felipe F; Celikcan, Ertugrul; Censi, Laura; Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin; Cesar, Juraci A; Chamukuttan, Snehalatha; Chan, Angelique W; Chan, Queenie; Chaturvedi, Himanshu K; Chaturvedi, Nish; Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul; Chee, Miao Li; Chen, Chien-Jen; Chen, Fangfang; Chen, Huashuai; Chen, Shuohua; Chen, Zhengming; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Cheraghian, Bahman; Chetrit, Angela; Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina; Chiolero, Arnaud; Chiou, Shu-Ti; Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores; Cho, Belong; Christensen, Kaare; Christofaro, Diego G; Chudek, Jerzy; Cifkova, Renata; Cilia, Michelle; Cinteza, Eliza; Claessens, Frank; Clarke, Janine; Clays, Els; Cohen, Emmanuel; Concin, Hans; Confortin, Susana C; Cooper, Cyrus; Coppinger, Tara C; Corpeleijn, Eva; Costanzo, Simona; Cottel, Dominique; Cowell, Chris; Craig, Cora L; Crampin, Amelia C; Crujeiras, Ana B; Csilla, Semanova; Cucu, Alexandra M; Cui, Liufu; Cureau, Felipe, V; Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina; D'Arrigo, Graziella; D'Orsi, Eleonora; Dacica, Liliana; Dal Re Saavedra, Maria Angeles; Dallongeville, Jean; Damsgaard, Camilla T; Dankner, Rachel; Dantoft, Thomas M; Dasgupta, Parasmani; Dastgiri, Saeed; Dauchet, Luc; Davletov, Kairat; De Backer, Guy; De Bacquer, Dirk; de Gaetano, Giovanni; De Henauw, Stefaan; de Oliveira, Paula Duarte; De Ridder, David; De Ridder, Karin; de Rooij, Susanne R; De Smedt, Delphine; Deepa, Mohan; Deev, Alexander D; DeGennaro, Vincent, Jr; Dehghan, Abbas; Delisle, Helene; Delpeuch, Francis; Demarest, Stefaan; Dennison, Elaine; Deren, Katarzyna; Deschamps, Valerie; Dhimal, Meghnath; Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F; Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares; Diaz-Sanchez, Maria Elena; Diaz, Alejandro; Dika, Zivka; Djalalinia, Shirin; Djordjic, Visnja; Do, Ha T P; Dobson, Annette J; Donati, Maria Benedetta; Donfrancesco, Chiara; Donoso, Silvana P; Doring, Angela; Dorobantu, Maria; Dorosty, Ahmad Reza; Doua, Kouamelan; Dragano, Nico; Drygas, Wojciech; Duan, Jia Li; Duante, Charmaine A; Duboz, Priscilla; Duda, Rosemary B; Duleva, Vesselka; Dulskiene, Virginija; Dumith, Samuel C; Dushpanova, Anar; Dzerve, Vilnis; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta; Eddie, Ricky; Eftekhar, Ebrahim; Egbagbe, Eruke E; Eggertsen, Robert; Eghtesad, Sareh; Eiben, Gabriele; Ekelund, Ulf; El-Khateeb, Mohammad; El Ati, Jalila; Eldemire-Shearer, Denise; Eliasen, Marie; Elliott, Paul; Engle-Stone, Reina; Enguerran, Macia; Erasmus, Rajiv T; Erbel, Raimund; Erem, Cihangir; Eriksen, Louise; Eriksson, Johan G; Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge; Eslami, Saeid; Esmaeili, Ali; Evans, Alun; Faeh, David; Fakhretdinova, Albina A; Fall, Caroline H; Faramarzi, Elnaz; Farjam, Mojtaba; Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Mohammad Reza; Fawwad, Asher; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J; Ferguson, Trevor S; Fernandes, Romulo A; Fernandez-Berges, Daniel; Ferrante, Daniel; Ferrao, Thomas; Ferrari, Marika; Ferrario, Marco M; Ferreccio, Catterina; Ferrer, Eldridge; Ferrieres, Jean; Figueiro, Thamara Hubler; Fijalkowska, Anna; Fink, Gunther; Fischer, Krista; Foo, Leng Huat; Forsner, Maria; Fouad, Heba M; Francis, Damian K; Franco, Maria do Carmo; Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth; Frontera, Guillermo; Fuchs, Flavio D; Fuchs, Sandra C; Fujiati, Isti I; Fujita, Yuki; Fumihiko, Matsuda; Furusawa, Takuro; Gaciong, Zbigniew; Gafencu, Mihai; Galbarczyk, Andrzej; Galenkamp, Henrike; Galeone, Daniela; Galfo, Myriam; Galvano, Fabio; Gao, Jingli; Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli; Garcia-Solano, Marta; Gareta, Dickman; Garnett, Sarah P; Gaspoz, Jean-Michel; Gasull, Magda; Araujo Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar; Gaya, Anelise Reis; Gazzinelli, Andrea; Gehring, Ulrike; Geiger, Harald; Geleijnse, Johanna M; Ghanbari, Ali; Ghasemi, Erfan; Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina; Giampaoli, Simona; Gianfagna, Francesco; Gill, Tiffany K; Giovannelli, Jonathan; Gironella, Glen; Giwercman, Aleksander; Gkiouras, Konstantinos; Godos, Justyna; Gogen, Sibel; Goldberg, Marcel; Goldsmith, Rebecca A; Goltzman, David; Gomez, Santiago F; Gomula, Aleksandra; Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna Goncalves; Goncalves, Helen; Gonzalez-Chica, David A; Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela; Gonzalez-Leon, Margot; Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P; Gonzalez-Villalpando, Clicerio; Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena; Gonzalez, Angel R; Gottrand, Frederic; Graca, Antonio Pedro; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Grafnetter, Dusan; Grajda, Aneta; Grammatikopoulou, Maria G; Gregor, Ronald D; Grodzicki, Tomasz; Groholt, Else Karin; Grontved, Anders; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gruden, Gabriella; Gu, Dongfeng; Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela; Guallar-Castillon, Pilar; Gualtieri, Andrea; Gudmundsson, Elias F; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Guerrero, Ramiro; Guessous, Idris; Guimaraes, Andre L; Gulliford, Martin C; Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna; Gunter, Marc J; Guo, Xiu-Hua; Guo, Yin; Gupta, Prakash C; Gupta, Rajeev; Gureje, Oye; Gurzkowska, Beata; Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Enrique; Gutierrez, Laura; Gutzwiller, Felix; Ha, Seongjun; Hadaegh, Farzad; Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A; Haghshenas, Rosa; Hakimi, Hamid; Halkjaer, Jytte; Hambleton, Ian R; Hamzeh, Behrooz; Hange, Dominique; Hanif, Abu A M; Hantunen, Sari; Hao, Jie; Kumar, Rachakulla Hari; Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad; Hassapidou, Maria; Hata, Jun; Haugsgjerd, Teresa; He, Jiang; He, Yuan; He, Yuna; Heidinger-Felso, Regina; Heinen, Mirjam; Hejgaard, Tatjana; Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth; Henrique, Rafael dos Santos; Henriques, Ana; Hernandez Cadena, Leticia; Herrala, Sauli; Herrera, Victor M; Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle; Heshmat, Ramin; Hill, Allan G; Ho, Sai Yin; Ho, Suzanne C; Hobbs, Michael; Holdsworth, Michelle; Homayounfar, Reza; Homs, Clara; Hopman, Wilma M; Horimoto, Andrea R V R; Hormiga, Claudia M; Horta, Bernardo L; Houti, Leila; Howitt, Christina; Thein Thein Htay; Htet, Aung Soe; Htike, Maung Maung Than; Hu, Yonghua; Huerta, Jose Maria; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani; Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac; Huisman, Martijn; Husseini, Abdullatif; Huu, Chinh Nguyen; Huybrechts, Inge; Hyska, Jolanda; Iacoviello, Licia; Ibarluzea, Jesus M; Ibrahim, Mohsen M; Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim; Ikram, M Arfan; Iotova, Violeta; Irazola, Vilma E; Ishida, Takafumi; Islam, Muhammad; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iwasaki, Masanori; Jacobs, Jeremy M; Jaddou, Hashem Y; Jafar, Tazeen; James, Kenneth; Jamrozik, Konrad; Janszky, Imre; Janus, Edward; Jarani, Juel; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Jasienska, Grazyna; Jelakovic, Ana; Jelakovic, Bojan; Jennings, Garry; Jha, Anjani Kumar; Jiang, Chao Qiang; Jimenez, Ramon O; Jockel, Karl-Heinz; Joffres, Michel; Johansson, Mattias; Jokelainen, Jari J; Jonas, Jost B; Jonnagaddala, Jitendra; Jorgensen, Torben; Joshi, Pradeep; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jovic, Dragana P; Jozwiak, Jacek J; Juolevi, Anne; Jurak, Gregor; Simina, Iulia Jurca; Juresa, Vesna; Kaaks, Rudolf; Kaducu, Felix O; Kafatos, Anthony; Kajantie, Eero O; Kalmatayeva, Zhanna; Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra; Kameli, Yves; Kampmann, Freja B; Kanala, Kodanda R; Kannan, Srinivasan; Kapantais, Efthymios; Karakosta, Argyro; Karhus, Line L; Karki, Khem B; Katibeh, Marzieh; Katz, Joanne; Katzmarzyk, Peter T; Kauhanen, Jussi; Kaur, Prabhdeep; Kavousi, Maryam; Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M; Keil, Ulrich; Boker, Lital Keinan; Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka; Kelishadi, Roya; Kelleher, Cecily; Kemper, Han C G; Kengne, Andre P; Keramati, Maryam; Kerimkulova, Alina; Kersting, Mathilde; Key, Timothy; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khalili, Davood; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Kheiri, Bahareh; Kheradmand, Motahareh; Khosravi, Alireza; Khouw, Ilse M S L; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula; Kiechl, Stefan; Killewo, Japhet; Kim, Dong Wook; Kim, Hyeon Chang; Kim, Jeongseon; Kindblom, Jenny M; Klakk, Heidi; Klimek, Magdalena; Klimont, Jeannette; Klumbiene, Jurate; Knoflach, Michael; Koirala, Bhawesh; Kolle, Elin; Kolsteren, Patrick; Konig, Jurgen; Korpelainen, Raija; Korrovits, Paul; Korzycka, Magdalena; Kos, Jelena; Koskinen, Seppo; Kouda, Katsuyasu; Kovacs, Viktoria A; Kowlessur, Sudhir; Koziel, Slawomir; Kratenova, Jana; Kratzer, Wolfgang; Kriemler, Susi; Kristensen, Peter Lund; Krokstad, Steiner; Kromhout, Daan; Kruger, Herculina S; Kubinova, Ruzena; Kuciene, Renata; Kujala, Urho M; Kujundzic, Enisa; Kulaga, Zbigniew; Kumar, R Krishna; Kunesova, Marie; Kurjata, Pawel; Kusuma, Yadlapalli S; Kuulasmaa, Kari; Kyobutungi, Catherine; Quang Ngoc La; Laamiri, Fatima Zahra; Laatikainen, Tiina; Lachat, Carl; Laid, Youcef; Lam, Tai Hing; Lambrinou, Christina-Paulina; Landais, Edwige; Lanska, Vera; Lappas, Georg; Larijani, Bagher; Latt, Tint Swe; Lauria, Laura; Lazo-Porras, Maria; Le Coroller, Gwenaelle; Le Port, Agnes; Lee, Jeannette; Lee, Jeonghee; Lee, Paul H; Lehmann, Nils; Lehtimaki, Terho; Lemogoum, Daniel; Levitt, Naomi S; Li, Yanping; Liivak, Merike; Lilly, Christa L; Lim, Wei-Yen; Lima-Costa, M Fernanda; Lin, Hsien-Ho; Lin, Xu; Lin, Yi-Ting; Lind, Lars; Linneberg, Allan; Lissner, Lauren; Litwin, Mieczyslaw; Liu, Lijuan; Lo, Wei-Cheng; Loit, Helle-Mai; Khuong Quynh Long; Lopes, Luis; Lopes, Oscar; Lopez-Garcia, Esther; Lopez, Tania; Lotufo, Paulo A; Eugenio Lozano, Jose; Lukrafka, Janice L; Luksiene, Dalia; Lundqvist, Annamari; Lundqvist, Robert; Lunet, Nuno; Lunogelo, Charles; Lustigova, Michala; Luszczki, Edyta; Ma, Guansheng; Ma, Jun; Ma, Xu; Machado-Coelho, George L L; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M; Macieira, Luisa M; Madar, Ahmed A; Maggi, Stefania; Magliano, Dianna J; Magnacca, Sara; Magriplis, Emmanuella; Mahasampath, Gowri; Maire, Bernard; Majer, Marjeta; Makdisse, Marcia; Maki, Paivi; Malekzadeh, Fatemeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malhotra, Rahul; Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna; Malyutina, Sofia K; Maniego, Lynell, V; Manios, Yannis; Mann, Jim, I; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Manzato, Enzo; Margozzini, Paula; Markaki, Anastasia; Markey, Oonagh; Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou; Marques-Vidal, Pedro; Marques, Larissa Pruner; Marrugat, Jaume; Martin-Prevel, Yves; Martin, Rosemarie; Martorell, Reynaldo; Martos, Eva; Maruszczak, Katharina; Marventano, Stefano; Mascarenhas, Luis P; Masoodi, Shariq R; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B; Mathur, Prashant; Matijasevich, Alicia; Matsha, Tandi E; Mavrogianni, Christina; Mazur, Artur; Mbanya, Jean Claude N; McFarlane, Shelly R; McGarvey, Stephen T; McKee, Martin; McLachlan, Stela; McLean, Rachael M; McLean, Scott B; McNulty, Breige A; Benchekor, Sounnia Mediene; Medzioniene, Jurate; Mehdipour, Parinaz; Mehlig, Kirsten; Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang; Meirhaeghe, Aline; Meisfjord, Jorgen; Meisinger, Christa; Menezes, Ana Maria B; Menon, Geetha R; Mensink, Gert B M; Menzano, Maria Teresa; Mereke, Alibek; Meshram, Indrapal I; Metspalu, Andres; Meyer, Haakon E; Mi, Jie; Michaelsen, Kim F; Michels, Nathalie; Mikkel, Kairit; Milkowska, Karolina; Miller, Jody C; Minderico, Claudia S; Mini, G K; Miquel, Juan Francisco; Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza; Mirkopoulou, Daphne; Mirrakhimov, Erkin; Misigoj-Durakovic, Marjeta; Mistretta, Antonio; Mocanu, Veronica; Modesti, Pietro A; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamed, Mostafa K; Mohamed, Shukri F; Mohammad, Kazem; Mohammadi, Zahra; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mohanna, Salim; Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd; Mohebbi, Iraj; Mohebi, Farnam; Moitry, Marie; Molbo, Drude; Mollehave, Line T; Moller, Niels C; Molnar, Denes; Momenan, Amirabbas; Mondo, Charles K; Monroy-Valle, Michele; Monterrubio-Flores, Eric; Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K; Moon, Jin Soo; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moreira, Leila B; Morejon, Alain; Moreno, Luis A; Morgan, Karen; Morin, Suzanne N; Mortensen, Erik Lykke; Moschonis, George; Mossakowska, Malgorzata; Mostafa, Aya; Mota-Pinto, Anabela; Mota, Jorge; Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel; Motta, Jorge; Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos Andre; Mridha, Malay K; Msyamboza, Kelias P; Thet Thet Mu; Muc, Magdalena; Mugosa, Boban; Muiesan, Maria L; Mukhtorova, Parvina; Muller-Nurasyid, Martina; Murphy, Neil; Mursu, Jaakko; Murtagh, Elaine M; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Milanovic, Sanja Music; Musil, Vera; Mustafa, Norlaila; Nabipour, Iraj; Naderimagham, Shohreh; Nagel, Gabriele; Naidu, Balkish M; Najafi, Farid; Nakamura, Harunobu; Namesna, Jana; Nang, Ei Ei K; Nangia, Vinay B; Nankap, Martin; Narake, Sameer; Nardone, Paola; Nauck, Matthias; Neal, William A; Nejatizadeh, Azim; Nekkantti, Chandini; Nelis, Keiu; Nelis, Liis; Nenko, Ilona; Neovius, Martin; Nervi, Flavio; Nguyen, Chung T; Nguyen, Nguyen D; Quang Ngoc Nguyen; Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis E; Nikitin, Yury P; Ning, Guang; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Nishtar, Sania; Noale, Marianna; Noboa, Oscar A; Nogueira, Helena; Norat, Teresa; Nordendahl, Maria; Nordestgaard, Borge G; Noto, Davide; Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia; Al Nsour, Mohannad; Nuhoglu, Irfan; Nurk, Eha; O'Neill, Terence W; O'Reilly, Dermot; Obreja, Galina; Ochimana, Caleb; Ochoa-Aviles, Angelica M; Oda, Eiji; Oh, Kyungwon; Ohara, Kumiko; Ohlsson, Claes; Ohtsuka, Ryutaro; Olafsson, Orn; Olinto, Maria Teresa A; Oliveira, Isabel O; Omar, Mohd Azahadi; Onat, Altan; Ong, Sok King; Ono, Lariane M; Ordunez, Pedro; Ornelas, Rui; Ortiz, Ana P; Ortiz, Pedro J; Osler, Merete; Osmond, Clive; Ostojic, Sergej M; Ostovar, Afshin; Otero, Johanna A; Overvad, Kim; Owusu-Dabo, Ellis; Paccaud, Fred Michel; Padez, Cristina; Pagkalos, Ioannis; Pahomova, Elena; de Paiva, Karina Mary; Pajak, Andrzej; Palli, Domenico; Palloni, Alberto; Palmieri, Luigi; Pan, Wen-Harn; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Arvind; Panza, Francesco; Papandreou, Dimitrios; Park, Soon-Woo; Park, Suyeon; Parnell, Winsome R; Parsaeian, Mahboubeh; Pascanu, Ionela M; Pasquet, Patrick; Patel, Nikhil D; Pecin, Ivan; Pednekar, Mangesh S; Peer, Nasheeta; Pei, Gao; Peixoto, Sergio Viana; Peltonen, Markku; Pereira, Alexandre C; Peres, Marco A; Perez-Farinos, Napoleon; Perez, Cynthia M; Peterkova, Valentina; Peters, Annette; Petersmann, Astrid; Petkeviciene, Janina; Petrauskiene, Ausra; Pettenuzzo, Emanuela; Peykari, Niloofar; Pham, Son Thai; Pichardo, Rafael N; Pierannunzio, Daniela; Pigeot, Iris; Pikhart, Hynek; Pilav, Aida; Pilotto, Lorenza; Pistelli, Francesco; Pitakaka, Freda; Piwonska, Aleksandra; Pizarro, Andreia N; Plans-Rubio, Pedro; Poh, Bee Koon; Pohlabeln, Hermann; Pop, Raluca M; Popovic, Stevo R; Porta, Miquel; Posch, Georg; Poudyal, Anil; Poulimeneas, Dimitrios; Pouraram, Hamed; Pourfarzi, Farhad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Pradeepa, Rajendra; Price, Alison J; Price, Jacqueline F; Providencia, Rui; Puder, Jardena J; Pudule, Iveta; Puhakka, Soile E; Puiu, Maria; Punab, Margus; Qasrawi, Radwan F; Qorbani, Mostafa; Tran Quoc Bao; Radic, Ivana; Radisauskas, Ricardas; Rahimikazerooni, Salar; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Rahman, Mahmudur; Raitakari, Olli; Raj, Manu; Rakhimova, Ellina; Rakhmatulloev, Sherali; Rakovac, Ivo; Rao, Sudha Ramachandra; Ramachandran, Ambady; Ramke, Jacqueline; Ramos, Elisabete; Ramos, Rafel; Rampal, Lekhraj; Rampal, Sanjay; Rarra, Vayia; Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A; Rasmussen, Mette; Rech, Cassiano Ricardo; Redon, Josep; Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M; Regecova, Valeria; Revilla, Luis; Rezaianzadeh, Abbas; Ribas-Barba, Lourdes; Ribeiro, Robespierre; Riboli, Elio; Richter, Adrian; Rigo, Fernando; Rinaldo, Natascia; de Wit, Tobias F Rinke; Rito, Ana; Ritti-Dias, Raphael M; Rivera, Juan A; Robitaille, Cynthia; Roccaldo, Romana; Rodrigues, Daniela; Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Rodriguez-Perez, Maria Del Cristo; Rodriguez-Villamizar, Laura A; Roggenbuck, Ulla; Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba; Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa; Romaguera, Dora; Romeo, Elisabetta L; Rosario, Rafaela, V; Rosengren, Annika; Rouse, Ian; Roy, Joel G R; Rubinstein, Adolfo; Ruhli, Frank J; Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard; Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca; Ruiz-Castell, Maria; Moreno, Emma Ruiz; Rusakova, Iuliia A; Jonsson, Kenisha Russell; Russo, Paola; Rust, Petra; Rutkowski, Marcin; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; 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Affiliations

Abstract

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.

Keywords