FJF acknowledges a European Research Council grant to RupertSeidl under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research andinnovation programme (grant agreement no.: 101001905, FOR-WARD). JC acknowledges an 'Investissement d'Avenir' grantmanaged by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA grant:ANR-10-LABX-25-01 and TULIP grant: ANR-10-LABX-0041).TJ acknowledges a UK NERC Independent Research Fellowship(grant: NE/S01537X/1), UKRI Frontier Research grant (grant:EP/Y003810/1) and a Research Project Grant from the Lever-hulme Trust (grant: RPG-2020-341). AF acknowledges Anid-Fondecyt 1231025. RAFL acknowledges a grant by S ao PauloResearch Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil (process no.: 13/08722-5).GV acknowledges the French Foundation for Research onBiodiversity (BIOSCENEMADA project). LFA acknowledges aSmithsonian Tropical Research Institution, Center for TropicalForest Science (CTFS) Research Grant (2009). AB acknowledgesthe Ministry of Science and Education of Ukraine (projects no.:0125U000682, 0122U001813) and the Austrian Agency forInternational Cooperation in Education and Research, OeAD-GmbH (grant number UA 08/2017, UA 08/2018, UA07/2020). JB acknowledges the village councils of Kiphire (Fakim,Thanamir and Tsundang village), Phek (Zhipu, Wazeho andWashelo village) and Kohima (Dzuleke village) district, Nagaland,India. JC acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science andInnovation (project nos.: PID2021-123675OB-C43 andTED2021-129770B-C21). JAD acknowledges the AnusandhanNational Research Foundation (ANRF), Government of India, forfunding (Ref. No.: SRG/2022/002286) and SRM University-APfor the Seed Grant (SRMAP/URG/E&PP/2022-23/012). AKDacknowledges a research project grant from the Council ofScientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi (Government ofIndia, project no.: 38(1349)/13/EMR-II dt.14.2.2013). PFacknowledges the National Council for Scientific and Technolo-gical Development (CNPq 12450/2021-4, 406941/2022-0), theFoundation for the Support of Research in the State of Amazonas(FAPEAM: 01.02.016301.02529/2024-87) and the BrazilianResearch Network on Climate Change (RedeClima;FINEP/RedeClima01.13.0353-00).SKacknowledges theScienceand Engineering Research Board, Department of Science andTechnology (DST-SERB; Ref. No.: PDF/2021/003742/LS). AL,MD and LK acknowledge funding by German Research Founda-tion (DFG) through funding codes CRC TRR-228/1 and TRR-228/2, and thank the Universityof Namibia (UNAM) as well astheNational Botanical Research Institute Windhoek for their support.ALAL acknowledges the National Council for Scientific andTechnological Development (CNPq). Pernambuco Science andTechnology Support Foundation (FACEPE). CM-N acknowl-edges a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship from the Royal SocietyTe Aparangi RDF-UOA1504; Marsden Fund Award from theRoyal Society Te Aparangi UOA1207. LFSM acknowledges theConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient & imath;fico e Tecnol ogico(CNPq) (grant: 307984/2022-2). AM acknowledges the NaturalSciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. AMacknowledges a NSF EAR Hydrological Sciences CAREER Award2046768. EN acknowledges the National Institute for Research inAmazonia (INPA). OR acknowledges the Madagascar NationalParks and the Malagasy Ministry of Environment for researchpermission, and numerous local field workers. SR acknowledgesthe Strategic Science Investment Fund administered by the NZMinistry for Business, Innovation and Employment. OR-Racknowledges the Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Biodiversi-dad, Universidad de Panama; Sistema Nacional de Investigaci onPanama; STRI Panama. RS-G acknowledges a NERC Indepen-dent Research Fellowship (NE/M018458/1) and a NERC PushingtheFrontiersgrant (NE/X013766/1).LFH-Dand PSacknowledgeEcopetrol No.: 135-2009. MS acknowledges a Veni grant from theDutch Research Council (NWO), NWO-VI.Veni.192.027.JMDT acknowledges a grant from the Brazilian science council(CNPq PELD 441510/2020-5). In addition, we thank JordiMart & imath;nez-Vilalta and Teresa Rosas for their data contributions,supported by CGL2013-46808-R grant funded by MINECO, andDmitry Schepaschenko for his contributions to the database andfacilitating the coordination among contributors.