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Analysis of institutional authors

Encío LCorresponding AuthorDíaz C.AuthorDiaz CAuthorDel-Blanco CrAuthorJaureguizar FAuthorGarcia NAuthor

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April 7, 2023
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Visual Parking Occupancy Detection Using Extended Contextual Image Information via a Multi-Branch Output ConvNeXt Network

Publicated to:Sensors. 23 (6): 3329- - 2023-03-01 23(6), DOI: 10.3390/s23063329

Authors: Encío, L; Díaz, C; del-Blanco, CR; Jaureguizar, F; García, N

Affiliations

Univ Politecn Madrid, Informat Proc & Telecommun Ctr, GTI, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Author

Abstract

Along with society's development, transportation has become a key factor in human daily life, increasing the number of vehicles on the streets. Consequently, the task of finding free parking slots in metropolitan areas can be dramatically challenging, increasing the chance of getting involved in an accident and the carbon footprint, and negatively affecting the driver's health. Therefore, technological resources to deal with parking management and real-time monitoring have become key players in this scenario to speed up the parking process in urban areas. This work proposes a new computer-vision-based system that detects vacant parking spaces in challenging situations using color imagery processed by a novel deep-learning algorithm. This is based on a multi-branch output neural network that maximizes the contextual image information to infer the occupancy of every parking space. Every output infers the occupancy of a specific parking slot using all the input image information, unlike existing approaches, which only use a neighborhood around every slot. This allows it to be very robust to changing illumination conditions, different camera perspectives, and mutual occlusions between parked cars. An extensive evaluation has been performed using several public datasets, proving that the proposed system outperforms existing approaches.

Keywords

computer visionconvnextconvolutional neural networksdeep learningdetectionparking lotComputer visionConvnextConvolutional neural networksDeep learningDetectionParkingParking lot

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Sensors due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2023, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Instrumentation.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 2.72, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Aug 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-08-14, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 4
  • Scopus: 4
  • Europe PMC: 1
  • Google Scholar: 2

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-08-14:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 25.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 24 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 1.5.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 2 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (ENCIO PEÑA, LEYRE) and Last Author (GARCIA SANTOS, NARCISO).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been ENCIO PEÑA, LEYRE.