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This research was funded by the Comunidad de Madrid through the "PANTOMIME" (APOYO-JOVENES-21-9FOMOQ-22-0CNGFM), "DISENO Y FABRICACION DE DISPOSITIVOS FOT & Oacute;NICOS" (BEAGALINDO-21-QU81R4-7-0QQBF3) and the "Ayudas para la realizacion de Doctorados Industriales de la Comunidad de Madrid" (IND2020/TIC-17424). The financial support to this study has also come from the Spanish Government, "ENHANCE-5G" (PID2020-114172RB-C22), "LC-LENS" (PDC2021-121370-C21), "DISRADIO" (TSI-063000-2021-83) and WOW-2D (PLEC2022-009381), as well as the Attract-IALL EU project G.A 101004462 and "CONCEPT-2D" (G.A. 101062995), financed by the European Union. In addition, authors are grateful to the European Space Agency (ESA) for the financial support received with the "Smart Heaters" project (4000133048/20/NL/KML). M.C.G is grateful to Spanish government grant (BG20/00136). The authors thank Prof. Jose Manuel Oton for his contribution in reviewing this article.

Analysis of institutional authors

Ganazhapa, ByronCorresponding AuthorPereiro-Garcia, JavierAuthorArregui, Xabier QuintanaAuthorGeday, Morten AndreasAuthorCano-Garcia, ManuelAuthor

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October 22, 2024
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Article

Generation of arbitrarily patterned polarizers using 2-photon polymerization

Publicated to:Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 22550- - 2024-09-29 14(1), DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73946-z

Authors: Ganazhapa, B; Pereiro-García, J; Arregui, XQ; Geday, MA; Guadaño, G; Caño-García, M

Affiliations

LASING SA, C Julian Camarillo 26, Madrid 28037, Spain - Author
Univ Granada, Res Ctr Informat & Commun Technol CIT UGR, Dept Elect & Comp Technol, Granada, Spain - Author
Univ Politecn Madrid, ETSI Telecomunicac, CEMDATIC, Av Complutense 30, Madrid 28040, Spain - Author

Abstract

Patterned polarizers are prepared using liquid crystals (LC) doped with a black dichroic dye and in combination with a linear polarizer. The pattern is achieved with a nanostructured LC alignment surface, that is generated using a two-photon polymerization direct laser write (2PP-DLW). This technique creates a pattern of high-resolution grooves in the photoresist at any arbitrary angle. The angle governs the LC orientation at any substrate surface point, determining the transmitted light linear polarization angle. This paper presents the first use of a 2PP-DLW cured positive tone photoresist for dichroic dye-doped LC alignment. Two complementary photoresists have been employed: conventional negative tone SU-8 photoresist and, in this context novel, positive tone S1805 photoresist. The alignment quality of the polarizers has been assessed by analyzing the transmission using an additional polarizer. For SU-8, the resulting grayscale pattern and a contrast ratio (CR) of 14 has measured. The uniformity of the alignment has been measured to be 65% using normalized Shannon entropy (H). For S1805, a CR of 37 was measured, and a uniformity of 63% was obtained. 2PP-DLW allows for shaping complex patterns in submicron dimensions and for the fabrication of arbitrarily patterned polarizers and other LC devices.

Keywords

AlignmenFabricationLiquid-crystals

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Scientific Reports due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2024 there are still no calculated indicators, but in 2023, it was in position 25/134, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Multidisciplinary Sciences.

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-07-09:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 3 (PlumX).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (GANAZHAPA JIMENEZ, BYRON OSWALDO) and Last Author (CAÑO GARCIA, MANUEL).

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been GANAZHAPA JIMENEZ, BYRON OSWALDO.