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Looking at the "water-in-Deep-Eutectic-Solvent" System: A Dilution Range for High Performance Eutectics

Publicated to:Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 7 (21): 17565-17573 - 2019-01-01 7(21), DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05096

Authors: López-Salas N; Vicent-Luna JM; Imberti S; Posada E; Roldán MJ; Anta JA; Balestra SRG; Madero Castro RM; Calero S; Jiménez-Riobóo RJ; Gutiérrez MC; Ferrer ML; Del Monte F

Affiliations

Department of Physical; Chemical; and Natural Systems; Universidad Pablo de Olavide; Ctra. Utrera km. 1; Seville; ES-41013; Spain - Author
Materials Science Factory; Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid-ICMM; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC; Campus de Cantoblanco; Madrid; 28049; Spain - Author
STFC; Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Didcot; United Kingdom - Author

Abstract

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are lately expanding their use to more demanding applications upon aqueous dilution thanks to the preservation of the most appealing properties of the original DESs while overcoming some of their most important drawbacks limiting their performance, like viscosity. Both experimental and theoretical works have studied this dilution regime, the so-called "water-in-DES" system, at near-to stoichiometric amounts to the original DES. Herein, we rather studied the high-dilution range of the "water-in-DES" system looking for enhanced performance because of the interesting properties (a further drop of viscosity) and cost (water is cheap) that it offers. In particular, we found that, in the "water-in-DES" system of a ternary DES composed of resorcinol, urea and choline chloride (e.g., RUChClnW, where n represents mol of water per mole of ternary DES), the tetrahedral structure of water was distorted as a consequence of its incorporation, as an additional hydrogen bond donor or hydrogen bond acceptor, into the hydrogen bond complexes formed among the original DES components. DSC confirmed the formation of a new eutectic, with a melting point below that of its respective components, the original ternary DES and water. This depression in the melting point was also observed in the same regime of reline and malicine aqueous dilutions, thus suggesting the universality of this simple procedure (i.e., water addition to reach the high-dilution range of the "water-in-DES" system) to obtain deeper eutectics eventually providing enhanced performances and lower cost. © 2019 American Chemical Society.

Keywords
1h nmr spectroscopy<sup>1</sup>h nmr spectroscopyAqueous dilutions of dessBinary liquid mixturesBinary mixturesBinary-liquid mixturesBrillouin spectroscopyChlorine compoundsComplexationDeep eutectic solventsDilutionEutecticsH-bond complexesHydrogen bondsLocal structureLocal structure rearrangementsMelting pointNeutron scatteringNuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopySolidificationSolventsUreaViscosity

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2019, it was in position 8/143, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Engineering, Chemical. Notably, the journal is positioned above the 90th percentile.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from World Citations from Scopus Elsevier, it yields a value for the Field-Weighted Citation Impact from the Scopus agency: 4.04, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: ESI Nov 14, 2024)

This information is reinforced by other indicators of the same type, which, although dynamic over time and dependent on the set of average global citations at the time of their calculation, consistently position the work at some point among the top 50% most cited in its field:

  • Field Citation Ratio (FCR) from Dimensions: 12.4 (source consulted: Dimensions May 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-05-24, the following number of citations:

  • Scopus: 99
  • OpenCitations: 86
Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-05-24:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 115.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 115 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 4.5.
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 2 (Altmetric).
Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: United Kingdom.