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This work is part of the CHIST-ERA research project ABIDI: Context-aware and Veracious Big Data Analytics for Industrial IoT and is funded by the State Research Agency (AEI) from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) of Spain, grant number PCI2019-103762.

Analysis of institutional authors

Saavedra, ECorresponding AuthorMascaraque, LAuthorCalderon, GAuthorDel Campo, GAuthorSantamaria, AAuthor

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December 20, 2021
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The Smart Meter Challenge: Feasibility of Autonomous Indoor IoT Devices Depending on Its Energy Harvesting Source and IoT Wireless Technology

Publicated to:Sensors. 21 (22): 7433- - 2021-11-01 21(22), DOI: 10.3390/s21227433

Authors: Saavedra, Edgar; Mascaraque, Laura; Calderon, Gonzalo; del Campo, Guillermo; Santamaria, Asuncion

Affiliations

Univ Politecn Madrid, CeDInt UPM, Campus Montegancedo, Madrid 28223, Spain - Author

Abstract

Most smart meters are connected and powered by the electric mains, requiring the service interruption and qualified personnel for their installation. Wireless technologies and energy harvesting techniques have been proved as alternatives for communications and power supply, respectively. In this work, we analyse the energy consumption of the most used IoT wireless technologies nowadays: Sigfox, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, Wi-Fi, BLE. Smart meters' energy consumption accounts for metering, standby and communication processes. Experimental measurements show that communication consumption may vary upon the specific characteristics of each wireless communication technology-payload, connection establishment, transmission time. Results show that the selection of a specific technology will depend on the application requirements (message payload, metering period) and location constraints (communication range, infrastructure availability). Besides, we compare the performance of the most suitable energy harvesting (EH) techniques for smart meters: photovoltaic (PV), radiofrequency (RF) and magnetic induction (MIEH). Thus, EH technique selection will depend on the availability of each source at the smart meter's location. The most appropriate combination of IoT wireless technology and EH technique must be selected accordingly to the very use case requirements and constraints.

Keywords

BleEnergy efficiencyEnergy harvestingIiotInternet of thingsIotLorawanLpwanModuleNb-iotRectennaSensor networkSigfoxSmart meterWi-fi

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Sensors due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency Scopus (SJR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2021, it was in position , thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Analytical Chemistry.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 5.64, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Aug 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-08-02, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 11
  • Scopus: 13
  • Europe PMC: 6
  • Google Scholar: 19

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-08-02:

  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 33 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

    It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

    • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

    Leadership analysis of institutional authors

    There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (SAAVEDRA DARRIBA, EDGAR) and Last Author (SANTAMARIA GALDON, MARIA ASUNCION).

    the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been SAAVEDRA DARRIBA, EDGAR.